genetic improvement of livestock for milk production

Genetic improvement for additional traits was also achieved by importing semen from bulls (or other dairy species males) selected for additional traits including milk . Genetic Improvement of Livestock for Milk Production @inproceedings{Kiplagat2012GeneticIO, title={Genetic Improvement of Livestock for Milk Production}, author={Sammy K. Kiplagat and Moses Limo and Isaac S. Kosgey}, year={2012} } Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to variation in milk production . To meet the challenges of the Twenty-First century . The first evaluation of the potential impact of genomic selection in the African dairy sector—an essential milestone in planning a 'traditional' genetic improvement approach. The Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development hosts the Genetic Resource flock funded by Meat and Livestock Australia and the . Genetic trends for milk production in Thai dairy populations have been small (less than 4 kg per year) in recent years (Koonawootrittriron et al., 2004; Department of Livestock . In cattle, AI is used primarily for genetic improvement of livestock and to facilitate high health replacement strategies. Selection programs for dairy cattle have been very successful at increasing milk production of cows; however, numerous challenges remain for genetic improvement of dairy cattle. Milk production is largely affected by a combination of factors namely; genetic make-up in terms of the use of improved breeds selected for milk production, a favourable nutritional environment and improved managerial practices. Breeding and selection have resulted in significant economic gains in beef, lamb, wool, milk, pork, egg and chicken production. The worldwide adoption of AI for genetic improvement in dairy cattle was made possible by development of a progeny test system and subsequent use of milk production records as an objective measure of performance on which to select superior bulls, techniques for freezing . This paper discusses the aspects that affect animal breeding under these circumstances, e.g., maintaining genetic diversity by using local breeds and possible G X E interactions which might occur when breeds adapted to conventional farming systems are used in organic farming. Throughout the year, the farm . Milk recording and herd registration in Ethiopia: An essential step towards genetic improvement for milk production. This chapter deals with the genetic improvement of dairy cattle. strategies for genetic improvement of cattle and genetics and breeding innovations by development buffaloes [4]. and execution of dairy and beef cattle genetic improvement programmes. It is vital both to efforts to increase production and to the adaption of livestock populations to challenges such as climate change, emerging diseases and pressures on feed and . Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have made possible the screening of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes associated with milk production traits in dairy cattle. as the milk productivity of our animals is low and high variability in the economic traits of cows, there is a vast scope for improvement of the milk production and consequently marketable surplus of milk for processing by systematic implementation of genetic improvement of cattle and buffaloes through progeny testing and building the capacity of … In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the improvement of milk production traits of the pure . Milk production in dairy cattle, for example, has increased 100 pounds of milk per cow per year due to genetic selection, augmented by artificial insemination. The potential for genetic improvement of a trait largely depends upon genetic variation existing in a herd or population of interest. Novel sources of diversity are present in different types of material. Published 4 September 2021. With the rapid growth of the livestock sector and intensification and scaling up of animal production, as well as the application of modern livestock breeding theories and methods, animal production has made an unprecedented improvement. The main thrust areas in research include genetic improvement of indigenous milch cattle breeds (Sahiwal, Tharparkar and Gir), HF crossbred cattle, and Murrah buffaloes. Genetic improvement is constrained by the long-term and cumulate nature of genetic improvement, by the economic rewards for making genetic change and by the variances and covariances among traits of interest. Genetic improvement of the local (dual purpose) cattle breeds with respect to milk production through selection, rather than crossbreeding them with exotic breeds such as HF. genetIc Improvement Five factors are primarily responsible for the exceptional genetic improvement achieved by dairy cattle: 1) perma-nent unique identification (ID); 2) parentage recording; 3) recording of milk yield and other traits of economic im-portance; 4) artificial insemination (AI); and 5) accurate genetic evaluation systems. The most obvious correspond to cultivars that are grown in various agro-climatic environments around the world, in particular, cultivars that are . Because the vast majority of cows are culled by 84 mo of age, this seems to . For example, pigs are now 25% leaner and grow faster today than 20 years ago ( Rothschild and Plastow, 2008 ) and milk production of Holstein Friesian cattle saw an increase of 40-80 kg/cow/year between 1980 and 2010 ( Hayes et . Determining which goals should be established to emphasize profit or efficiency as the ultimate goal of the dairy enterprise is described. Genetic analysis of gain from birth to weaning, milk production, and udder conformation in Line 1 Hereford cattle. With good breed improvement and fertility management,milk production reaches a peak from week 4 to week 10 after calving, then goes down gradually in the lactation period. Some of the change is due to improved facilities and management, leading to better cow comfort and health. If that same cow has the genetic potential to produce 25 pounds of milk per day, at the same levels of fat and protein production, its daily levels of production are 0.875 and 0.75 pound, respectively. Vincent Ducrocq1 and George Wiggans2. The highest yield (average yield/day) can be reached when the cow has one calving per year (305 day in milk plus 60 days dry off period). Milk production is more heritable than these traits, and genetic gains in milk production for the last 30 years have been substantial. Genetic improvement of health. GenOvis is an on-farm sheep genetic evaluation program run by a Canadian company. SINCE GENETICS was founded we have seen an enormous increase in productivity of livestock for food production. Much of that is due to rapid genetic improvement in the past 60 years of quantitative traits such as growth rate, reproductive rate, and feed conversion efficiency. Genetic improvement takes time and a long-term view of production and market requirements is required when selecting for genetic improvement. However, by this, milk production cannot be increased beyond the animal's genetic potential Genetic Selection. Livestock production improvement can only be achieved if and when simultaneously both the genetic composition of animals and the management in which they are kept are improved. Genetic improvement of milk yield and lactation length in dairy cows greatly depends on the phenotypic and genetic variability, heritability and correlation between these traits. Published 4 September 2021. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2000. Sustainable genetic improvement of goat meat and milk production in Kenya: A case of the Meru and Tharaka-Nithi Dairy and Animal Healthcare community-based Breeding Programme. But, the average production per animal has remained relatively much lower as compared to the . DOI: 10.5772/50761 Corpus ID: 59448512. However, the genetic models used for these evaluations universally assume that all genetic effects are infinitely small (called the 'infinitesimal model'). A theoretical study is reported of the way in which additive genetic improvement, made in a nucleus population, is passed to successive levels in a three-tier multiplication system. Over the past decades, selection for improved milk production (total yield) was the main breeding goal, as the large majority of producers were paid only based on milk volume. The detection and mapping of genetic markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) can be utilized to enhance genetic improvement of livestock populations. Genetic Improvement of Livestock for Milk Production 79 Smallholders, pastoralists and their animals often live in harsh environments which may be hot and dry, hot and humid, or high in altitude and cold. This chapter discusses the breeding objectives, genetic resources and methods of genetic improvement used in beef cattle breeding. The aim of this study was to generate recent information on genetic parameters (heritability, repeatability, genetic and phenotypic correlations and genetic trends) of some economic traits of Borana and its crosses . Knowledge on the effect of these non-genetic factors for milk production would help in making management decisions for improvement of the herds. The potential value of indigenous livestock breeds for milk production traits must be analyzed and conserved to maximize the . There are many genetic and non-genetic factors which determine the life time milk production of an animal. The research activities of the Animal Production Section focus on ruminant nutrition, management, animal breeding, genetic improvement and physiology of reproduction. Genetic Improvement of Livestock for Milk Production By Sammy K. Kiplagat, Moses K. Limo and Isaac S. Kosgey Get PDF (455 KB) In 1994, the USDA Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory (Beltsville, MD) introduced national genetic evaluations for length of productive life (PL), which was measured as the total number of months in milk from first calving until 84 mo of age, with a limit of 10 mo per lactation (VanRaden and Klaaskate, 1993). and A. M. Okeyo2 1Farm-Africa Dairy Goat and Animal Healthcare Project, P O Box 2980, Meru, Kenya 2University of Nairobi, Dept. The deputy added that fragmentation of livestock property challenges theexpansion in dairy production, as the livestock needs to be developed through considering recommendations, programs andgenetic improvement of Egyptian livestock from cows and buffaloes to increase the dairy productivity. Selecting sires for a dairy herd, for example, might concentrate on daughter value traits such as milk production. The overall objective of . March 2020 ; Journal of Applied Life Sciences International; DOI:10 . With the completion of the bovine genome sequence assembly, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) assays spanning the whole bovine genome and research work on large scale identification, validation and analysis of genotypic variation in . Ironically, failure of any . Genetic improvement benefits individual breeders and the broader sheep industry by increasing productivity and profitability. Examples of successful genetic improvement of production traits in other livestock species are plenty and have considerably reshaped the livestock industry worldwide. 1UMR1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI) INRA, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France . Genetic improvement has the potential to: Assist in meeting market requirements. FG working on cattle genetic improvement to boost meat, milk production. the genetic antagonism found in dairy cattle between milk production and female fertility could occur also in small dairy ruminants, which could be estimated from Israeli data. Factors Associated Genetic Improvement for Milk Production of Dairy Cattle at Farm Level in Central Thailand MataneeyaSarakul 1,Skorn Koonawootrittriron 1, Mauricio A. Elzo 2, and Thanathip Suwanasopee 1 1 Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. For example, selection for improved health of cows was conducted only in an indirect manner in the U.S. until about 15 years ago partially due to the lack of uniformly-recorded data on health disorders of dairy cattle. The genetic variation within livestock populations also provides the raw material both for evolution through natural selection in response to changing conditions and for human-managed genetic improvement programmes. It contributed to make India to stand first in milk production in the world. However, meat and milk production are very low, Agriculture (mainly crop and livestock production) estimated to be 246,000 tones and 960,000 tones, is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, employing respectively, with per capital consumption of 17.1 kg milk approximately 85% of the total population. Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh N (2021) A meta-analysis of heritability estimates for milk fatty acids and their genetic relationship with milk production traits in dairy cows using a random-effects model, Livestock Science, 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104388, 244, (104388), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2021. Molecular markers for larger . Direct measurement of milk production to use in genetic improvement may not be justified because it is difficult to measure, and selection based on the breeding value for maternal preweaning gain may be nearly as effective in changing milk production as . Das PK, Ali SZ, Islam ABM, Roy BK. Traditionally, genetic improvement of livestock has been achieved by applying the principles of quantitative genetics and animal breeding. Out-of-season lambing/kidding ability is a desirable characteristic to permit adjustment of milk production to both breeding systems and market demands . A comparative study of productive and reproductive performance and estimates of heritability for economic traits in different . The first demonstration of heritable resistance to East Coast fever, one of the major constrains to cattle production in eastern Africa, and a possible route to a 'technology-skipping' precision breeding approach. Ways of modelling G X E are presented, moreover examples of G X E in dairy cattle, swine, and poultry are given. Just concentrating on genetic improvement will not bring the required production improvement and increased farmers' income. genetic evaluation, selection, and mating strategies in a population are essential to evaluate genetic improvement programs and determine areas in need of improvement. The main thrust areas in research include genetic improvement of indigenous milch cattle breeds (Sahiwal, Tharparkar and Gir), HF crossbred cattle, and Murrah buffaloes. As for any species or population, genetic improvement of . Before developing sustainable breeding strategies for improving the productivity performance of a particular breed/genetic group of animal population in www.veterinaryworld.org 455 doi:10.5455 . In Murrah buffaloes, both institutional herd and field progeny testing unit, are . In Significant Impact Groups: Breeding for disease resistance or robustness \\ Species targeted: Dairy; Age: Adult; Summary: Where to find the original material: Country: KE This chapter presents issues pertaining to genetic improvement of livestock for production. The effective genetic improvement requires genetic information about the genetic variability and their effects on milk production. MATERIAL AND METHODS . INTEGRATING GENETIC IMPROVEMENT INTO LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT IN MEDIUM-TO-LOW INPUT SMALLHOLDER DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS K.R. Crossbreeding programme should respect the principle of "the right animal in the right place". 2Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA . Dairy cattle improvement is expressed most frequently as increased milk production and less often in terms of changes in body conformation or "type." Improvement in milk production can be considered as being environmental or genetic. Genetic improvement of dairy cattle. She further explained that the genetic improvement of cows and buffaloes has been applied in five . Also the development of value chains and final markets are important to add value to the . Genetic Improvement Strategy of Indigenous Cattle Breeds: Effect of Cattle Crossbreeding Program in Production Performances. Genetic improvement has been made in production traits in dairy and beef cattle and sheep breeds using these approaches. 2. CCSI is working with a number of partners to integrate genetic services, including the Canadian Sheep Breeders Association, Ontario Sheep Farmers, the Canadian Goat Society, Canadian Livestock Records Corporation, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Centre d'expertise en production ovine du Québec, AgSights, and the Canadian Meat Goat Association. The caveat to this is that disease resistance traits typically have low . sustained, high milk production. Introduction . Genetic improvement programmes: Breeding objectives and economics of selection schemes - Poster Sessions, p. 0861, 2010. Genetic improvement is a major factor contributing to the profitability of production systems for livestock and poultry. Genetic improvement of beef cattle. Artificial insemination (AI), coupled with the ability to determine the genetic makeup of sires and the likely expression of selected genetic traits in the next generations, has also contributed to high . of 8th Annual Conference of Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP) 24-26. However, the brilliant achievement is accompanied by a serious threat to the diversity of animal genetic resources. It covers aspects from basic population to quantitative genetics to molecular genetics, and their application in animal breeding . Historically, governments have played a major role in cattle farming and breeding activities; nowadays, however, the initiatives of the private sector or of non-government organizations are modifying the needs of farmers for support from the government. of Animal Production, P O Box 29053, City Square 00200, Nairobi, Kenya Abstract . About 90% of the contribution of the livestock sector is from small . The level of exotic inheritance should never exceed 62.5% to exploit the full genetic potential of the animal for a sustainable production. Consequently, genetic make-up of dairy animals plays a great role in the variation of milk yield and composition. Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle. MacNeil MD(1), Mott TB. Advances in gene and quantitative-trait mapping in the last decade will ensure that traditional . The . Other chapters from this book . Kindly share this story: Olufemi Olaniyi. Why it matters: Genetic technologies have potential to improve the livestock sector so changing genome editing regulations could have a major effect. The cross breeding programme was under taken to exploit the milk yield potential of the exotic breeds combined with heat tolerance, disease resistance of indigenous breeds. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0910, USA. organizations with active participation of farmers/ breeders are discussed here under [7]. 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